Findings at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are providing information about the soil carbon dynamics that play a crucial role in lifecycle assessments of bioenergy production. These studies at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency, support the USDA priority of developing new sources of bioenergy.

Each year producers ask the question: When is the best time to apply nitrogen to wheat? Also, is it ok to apply nitrogen on frozen ground? For any nitrogen application the question to ask is when does the crop need nitrogen. Wheat does not require large amounts of nitrogen until stem elongation (Feekes Growth Stage 6), which is the middle or the end of April depending on the location in state. Ohio research has shown no yield benefit from applications made prior to this time period. Soil organic matter or nitrogen applied at planting generally provides sufficient nitrogen for early growth until stem elongation.