Dean Stevens well knows the value of getting a bird’s-eye view of his corn and soybean fields to assess plant health, wind damage, and pest threats – problems that, in their initial stages, may be difficult to assess on a field scale from conventional scouting.

One of the methods Dean Stevens has used to scout his corn is a powered parachute sailing about 30-100 feet above the ground. Imagery collected with a drone and multispectral sensor on June 24, 2017. True color imagery and NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge) imagery with blue corresponding to higher NDRE values (green vegetation, healthier condition) and red corresponding to lower NDRE values (less green vegetation, less healthy condition). Treatment differences (different nitrogen rates) are apparent, especially in the NDRE imagery.

Now, with the support of a Farmer Rancher Grant from the North Central Region Sustainable Ag Research and Education Program (NCR-SARE), Stevens is keeping his feet planted on the ground while a drone outfitted with infrared sensors  scouts his fields each week, providing key data that can be used to develop prescriptions for targeted, precise in-season nitrogen applications.

The NCR-SARE On-Farm Research

A longtime advocate of on-farm research, Stevens has been conducting field trials on his farm since 1974 when he graduated from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln with a major in soil science. He has evaluated crop hybrids, fertility, population, seed treatments, fungicides, and nitrogen applications. In 2016 Dean and his wife and farming partner Debra applied for and received a $15,000, two-year NCR-SARE farmer/rancher producer grant to study how to conserve nitrogen use in corn production by applying a larger amount in-season, based on crop need. The project is:

• Assessing cutting-edge technologies for determining optimum nitrogen rates;
• Demonstrating the efficiency of applying a higher percentage of nitrogen in-season; and
• Using variable rate technology to apply precise nitrogen rates, based on data gathered from drone-mounted sensors.

This year, in the first year of the grant, the Stevens established their research study in a bottomland rainfed field of silty clay loam with some silt loam soils. They’re testing their current preplant nitrogen rate (160 lb/ac N) and two lower rates (100 and 75 lb/ac N), replicating each rate four times. By applying more nitrogen in-season, they can respond to each season's specific conditions. For example if early mineralization is higher than normal, the in-season N application rate can be decreased or if early season rains may have leached some nitrogen, rates can be increased.

Good stewardship is also an important aspect of moving more of the nitrogen application to in-season based on plant need, Deb said, noting the practice could provide both environmental and economic benefit.

Gathering Plant Data via the Drone

To assess the effect of the different rates on plant nitrogen, a drone outfitted with infrared sensors was flown weekly over the field trials by daughter and son-in-law Laura and Nathan Thompson, both of whom have FAA remote pilot certificates. The sensor data was then coupled with two algorithms and the Hybrid-Maize models to calculate the optimal in-season nitrogen rate for each strip.

“The imagery indicated deficiencies before my eyes could detect it,” Stevens said. “We monitored the fields closely and planned the in-season nitrogen we would need to reach our full yield potential.”

“As we suspected, there was a lot of variability across the field in nitrogen need,” Stevens said. Applying fertilizer based on the infrared imagery may not necessarily mean less nitrogen is applied, but rather that what is applied is targeted to exactly how much is needed, where it’s needed, and when it’s needed, increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing the potential for nitrogen loss.

The corn was too high for a sidedress application and Stevens worked with an aerial applicator who could make precision applications of dry urea to individual test strips.  

Traditionally growers might use a predetermined rate and time of application or wait until the plant’s need for nitrogen was visible, which might cost the grower potential yield, Stevens said. Using the infrared imagery provided by the drone flights allowed earlier detection of plant nitrogen needs so they could be addressed before yield was affected.

“We provided the aerial applicator a variable rate prescription and within each pass they changed the rate according to the plan.”

Adopting the drone technology had its challenges, but was made easier with some “high tech children,” Stevens said. Daughter Laura, a Nebraska Extension educator for agricultural technologies, is also a coordinator for the Nebraska On-Farm Research Network, and Nathan works in agriculture. Also contributing to the project through development of educational events is Gary Lesoing, Nebraska Extension crops educator with responsibilities for Nemaha and Richardson counties.

“This technology is still in its infancy with multiple firmware and software updates required for almost every flight,” Stevens said. “It’s not just plug and play. To record the imagery correctly, it’s a little more difficult.”

Each flight may have as many as 4,000 single photos that need to be stitched together to create a single, high-resolution image of the field, Stevens said. This compilation is done in the digital cloud by a commercial firm specializing in agricultural uses of drone imagery.

Flights also aren’t necessarily a one-person job. Drone pilots are required by the FAA to keep their eye on the drone at all times, while also piloting the drone from a screen, Deb said. While the drone flies a pre-set pattern to criss-cross the field, it can still be helpful to have a two-person crew.

“When you’re flying a drone at 300 feet in the summertime, you have to keep an eye and an ear toward sprayer planes,” Dean said. There were several flights where they maneuvred their drone to the ground as a sprayer plane moved from one neighbor’s field to another, crossing their flight path.

Next summer, during the second year of the grant, the research will continue on the Stevens farm and be initiated on Dale and Ronda Yoesel’s neighboring crop and dairy farm, allowing the on-farm researchers to collect data from two different fields with similar research protocols and management.

To learn more about on-farm crop research projects in Nebraska visit the Nebraska On-Farm Research page in CropWatch or follow @OnFarmResearch on Twitter.