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“The thing that surprised me as soon as we quit doing tillage and went back to kind of following what Mother Nature did in terms of diversity and some of the things that my grandfather did in terms of crop rotations … we really don’t worry much about weeds and diseases and insects anymore.”
Dwayne Beck
This week’s edition of the No-Till Farmer Influencers & Innovators pocast, we’re revisiting a presentation by no-till stalwart presenter Dwayne Beck.
If you don’t know, Beck headed up the Dakota Lakes Research Station, retiring in February. He’s been a repeat presenter at the National No-Till Conference. If you don’t know, you’ll soon learn. Beck is a straight talker and a captivating speaker. He’s also fond of the odd off-color joke.
This presentation was delivered in 2016 at the National No-Till Convention and deals with crop rotations. You’ll occasionally hear the audience clapping and laughing in the background.
At the time, Beck was advocating for vegetables as part of crop rotations.
No-Till Influencers & Innovators podcast series is brought to you by The Andersons.
A nutrient management program is essential to maximize crop productivity and yields. Providing the right nutrients at the right time throughout the growing season is key. The Andersons High Yield Programs make it easy to plan a season-long approach for many row and specialty crops. Visit AndersonsPlantNutrient.com/HighYield to download the High Yield Programs and get instant product recommendations for corn, soybeans, wheat, potatoes, and more.
Full Transcript
Brian O'Connor:
Welcome to the latest episode of the No-Till Farmer Influencers & Innovators podcast. I'm Brian O'Connor, lead content editor for No-Till Farmer. The Andersons sponsors this program, which features stories about the past, present and future of no-till farming. I encourage you to subscribe to this series, which is available in iTunes, Google Podcasts, Spotify, SoundCloud, Stitcher, and TuneIn Radio. Subscribing will allow to receive an alert about upcoming episodes as soon as they are released. I'd like to take a moment to thank The Andersons for supporting our No-Till Farmer Influencers & Innovators podcast series. A nutrient management program is essential to maximize crop productivity and yield. Providing the right nutrients at the right time throughout the growing season is key. The Anderson's high yield programs make it easy to plant a season long approach for many row and specialty crops. Visit andersonsplantnutrient.com/highyield to download the high yield programs and get instant product recommendations for corn, soybeans, wheat potatoes, and more.
Brian O'Connor:
In case you don't know, Dwayne Beck just retired from running the Dakota lakes research station in South Dakota in February. He's been a repeat presenter at the National No-Tillage Conference. If you don't know, you'll soon learn, Beck is a straight talker and a captivating speaker. He's also fond of the odd off-color joke. This presentation was delivered in 2016 at the National No-Tillage Conference and deals with crop rotations. You'll occasionally hear the audience clapping and laughing in the background at the time, Beck was advocating for vegetables to be included as part of crop rotations. Here's No-Till Farmer staffer, Darrell Bruggink, introducing Beck.
Darrell Bruggink:
And during this morning's lecture series, we're pleased to bring an outstanding no-till educator and Dwayne Beck, the director of the Dakota Lakes Research Farm near Pierre, South Dakota. Dwayne says that weeds, diseases and insects are nature's way of adding diversity to a system that lacks it. You can try to find technologies that can control the problems that pop up, or you can prevent most of them by providing beneficial diversity of your own. And Dwayne's going to explain why no-tillers will want to rediscover rotational techniques for managing pests, especially with current cost to price ratios. He's going to share why crop rotations that are consistent in sequence or interval provide opportunities for weeds and insects, and he'll discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different types of rotations. And Dwayne, I believe you spoke at the first No-Till Conference in 1993. That's what Frank tells me.
Dwayne Beck:
I was 16.
Darrell Bruggink:
You were 16. I wasn't born yet. I'm pretty sure I wasn't born yet, but I think there was one comment you made that he says sticks with him and he said it was out in Dakota as we no-till to preserve water where he said here in Eastern Corn Belt, no-till to get rid of some of your water. I don't know if that's true or not, or maybe Frank's making it all up. But please welcome Dwayne Beck.
Dwayne Beck:
Well, it's a pleasure to be back here. Some of you know, me and some of you don't. Those that you don't, you're probably the lucky ones in the group, but we got into no-till for some reasons that were associated with irrigation. I'll explain a little bit of that either now, or later this afternoon, but has to do with managing water. And I still remember when I started and I was a young PhD graduate student type person, and I would go into the teacher's lounge and the entomologist would say, "Well, if you no-till, you're going to have all these bugs." And the weed control guy said, "Well, if you no-till, you're going to have all these weeds." And the thing that surprised me as soon as we quit doing tillage and went back to following what mother nature did in terms of diversity and some of the things that my grandfather did in terms of crop rotations.
Dwayne Beck:
We really don't worry much about weeds and diseases and insects anymore. And we're going to talk a little bit about how some of that happens. Short term studies are not accurate in predicting treatments, such as tillage, rotations and rotations have long term impacts. There's no university researchers anymore that are doing long term rotations to speak of or doing long term studies. It's all three year stuff that's grant funded. It's a real mistake that we're making in terms of how the federal government is supporting ag research. And you guys should be up in arms about what's happening with ag research.
Dwayne Beck:
A farmer manages ecosystems and takes sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, and makes them into products that are to be sold. You guys are so busy thinking about being corn farmers and soybean farmers. And you've got the commodity groups that are making you think that way, but maybe we should start to look at growing vegetables because they're not going to be growing vegetables in California very much longer, because they don't have the water. And if they do have the water, the people in the cities are willing to pay more for the water than the irrigator can. There was a meeting today, Maricopa, Arizona, that I was asked to come to present my ideas. It was the vegetable growers from Arizona, New Mexico in California. And it's basically, "what the hell do we do now if you're a vegetable grower?" And I would've told them, "Why, you're probably going to start having to work with people in the Midwest and grow your vegetables closer to where people consume them."
Dwayne Beck:
Ecosystem processes, water cycle, energy flow, mineral cycle, community dynamics. This is what you're working with. You're not working with all the things that you think you're working with in terms of herbicides and fertilizers and whatever. It's all part of this bigger system that you need to be considering because if you're just going in and doing individual little things, it's what I call whack-a-mole farming. Wait until something goes wrong and then whack that mole and another one pops up someplace else, if you ever play that game with your kids where you have the little hammers.
Dwayne Beck:
So does the rain feed plants and recharge groundwater? Does it run off or cause erosion and water quality degradation? What happens to your rainwater? Are you using your rain water appropriately? The Dakota Lakes Research Farm began to use diverse, low disturbance, no-till and cover cropping to control runoff from center pivot irrigators. Once they put the dams in the 1940s through the '60s, everybody decided they couldn't grow crops without having irrigation out there. They grew one crop of wheat every two years. So they're going to put irrigators in and make a fortune. This was in the 1970s and they pumped the water from the river up onto the land and the water run right back to the river. You really wanted to put a lot of money into an irrigation system, pump a lot of water up the hill and have it run down the hill back to the river.
Dwayne Beck:
So that's the way we got started. And we wanted to go to low pressure irrigators. So that pivot I showed you where the runoff was occurring, they would put an inch of water on, in about 40 minutes. This machine is ours, it puts two inches of water on, in nine minutes. And for people that have been there, Keith Thompson's been there and Ray Ward's been there, David Morgan's back here in the audience. He lives in Indianapolis, but he's been to my farm because he owns some land close to us and they've walked behind my irrigators. You don't get your feet muddy. So we use no-till to manage the water, whether it's excess water or not enough water, but we manage our water cycle and we do it because we make the water go in the ground where it falls, not run down the hill and go into the rivers. And one of the things that's a real tool for us on our irrigated ground is night crawlers. And I know you have all kinds of them here because Eileen Kladivko works with him in the Corn Belt.
Dwayne Beck:
Energy flow. And this one I think is really key. If a farmer harvest sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, how much sunlight strikes green leaves and makes food for the ecosystem, how much falls in dead vegetation or bare ground? Even if all you're doing is no-tilling and leaving dead vegetation there with the same rotations you had before, you really haven't changed how you've done the energy flow thing. How much of that sunlight are you capturing? Look at a rainforest where it's gets a 100% of it. Last February, I had a chance to go visit Kofi Boa in Ghana. And if you don't know the name, it would be in Howard Buffett's, 40 Chances book. He has a chapter on Kofi Boa. He runs the center for no-till agriculture in Ghana, it's in the rainforest. I spent about seven days just standing there going, "This is the neatest thing in the world, because everything grows and it grows all the time." Because it rains and it's warm and whatever.
Dwayne Beck:
But his way of approaching an ecosystem management is exactly the same as mine. We were teaching people from throughout Africa on how to manage no-till systems. And I did the dry land areas and he did the rainforest areas and our approach is exactly the same, capture the energy, cycle the nutrients, not lose anything. We use cover and forage crops to fine tune crop rotations increase the carbon capture, sequester nutrients, fixed nitrogen and encourage friendlies or beneficial insects. They're a tool. No-till is a tool. You can't manage an ecosystem if you're doing tillage. Cover crops are a tool, you're not going to use them everywhere, every place. It's like a prescription thing. It's a tool. It's another part of what you're doing. I like the forage crop part because we're integrating livestock into our system, which we're eventually going to have to do. Okay?
Dwayne Beck:
We interviewed some candidates for a leadership position at the university a month or two ago, we got down to two. They were basically livestock people. I asked them both the same question. "Do you think there'll be feedlots in 50 years?" In both cases, the answer was no. Then the harder question was, "How are you going to change a research program at the university to get ready for that?" So we're doing some things with clay seed balls, for instance, to help us do cover crops better, hopefully. Because we'd like to be able in the dryer areas to throw cover crops out and just have them grow. In Ghana, Kofi could throw bush Mucuna, which is velvet bean. It's about two thirds the size of a golf ball. He could throw it on top of the ground and it would grow with no seed coating. I'm going, "Oh gosh, that's nice."
Dwayne Beck:
Are you addressing the problem or are you treating a symptom? Medicine in the United States is traditionally treating symptoms, not addressing the problems. Farming in United States, we call up and we don't ask, "I've got this weed." You say, "How do I kill it?" You don't ask, "How did it get here? How do I prevent it?" You go, "How do I kill it?" Farmers call me and start talking to me about weed and I just keep asking them questions because I want them to get to the point where they understand that they caused that problem. Mother nature's an opportunist. If you have a problem, you have created that opportunity. Somewhere in your system, you've provided that opportunity. And I use this as an example, when they came out and I want you to remember this, Clearfield, no Emmy corn. Now they'd call it Clearfield corn, right?
Dwayne Beck:
15 years ago or more, they came out with Emmy corn that was resistant to pursuit. And I had a young grower say, "I don't have to worry about rotations anymore back because ..." He's an old guy now. "I don't have to worry about rotations anymore because I have Emmy corn. I'll just pursuit on my beans and pursuit on my corn and I'll never have a weed again." And I said, "You will have weeds because it'll develop resistance to pursuit. And that resistance will go cross into other ALS herbicides."
Dwayne Beck:
I got a letter from American Cyanamid. I can talk about them because they're not in business anymore. They've been bought out, but they wanted me to retract what I said, because I had no proof. There was going to be ALS resistance to pursuit in weeds. And then I got a call from my boss who also got one of those letters because they were threatening a lawsuit. He said, "Is there any chance you'll change your mind?" He said, "I think I know the answer." I said, "I will retract in three years if we don't have resistance on Dakota Lake's Research Farm." I didn't have to retract.
Dwayne Beck:
Strive to produce a crop, which is healthy, not a crop that doesn't get sick. Now I look around the room, there's nobody here that's sick. But if we hopped on a bicycle and did about 25 miles, how many of you can do that? I can do that, surprisingly. In 1993, I don't think I could have. Healthy crop. It's a whole system. No-till's part of that system, crop rotation's part of that system. Corn soybeans is a two crop monoculture. And the worst part about corn soybeans and you don't believe it, come and visit me. It destroys soil structure because it's not enough carbon in soybeans to maintain the soil organic matter and soil structure. So we've got a bunch of different rotations. I'll take a spade. We'll walk around the farm. And when I'm done, you'll have seen it for yourself. If not, you can talk to Ray or Captain Morgan or whoever.
Dwayne Beck:
Farming system components, cultural practices, technology and management. Right now we're really focused on technology. I said to the dean of ag the other day after our president had said the future of agriculture is precision ag. I said precision ag is to agriculture like a power nailer is to carpentry. It's a hell of a tool. But you still need the man involved. It's a tool for the man to use, not a substitute for management. The cultural practices are tillage rotation, sanitation competition, but in nature, tillage is a catastrophic event. It's the most destructive thing man has ever done. My wife and I got to go to France in England, in January and February, they gave us a car with a GPS in France, not in England, you're driving the wrong side of the road, couldn't do that. But in France, they gave us a car with an English speaking GPS. And we went from town to town, doing meetings and we learned lots of French, mostly swear words. We learned some symbolism, things with hands and fingers that were same as they are here. It's like a universal language.
Dwayne Beck:
But this is caused by tillage. And I told the people in France and England, I said, "My ancestors left Europe to come to the United States because they degraded the soil to the point where they couldn't make a living on it anymore." And if you go around the old castles, they all want to show you their old castle. You go around the old castles in France and England and whatever, and they're great. They're abandoned, but they're great. And you look at them and they show you the grain raise and all this stuff. And I say, "Where'd they grow the crops? They weren't in here." "Well, around the castle." I said, "That ground's so degraded, you couldn't grow anything there." And then I got this real blank look like, "Oh, that's what happened." But they're still using the plows in a lot of France in England.
Dwayne Beck:
In nature, tillage is a catastrophic event. We can't continue to do that. I'm talking to the choir because most of you guys have stopped the plowing. But now we think we're going to use GPS in variable rate to treat the variability actually rendered by tillage erosion. Well, the first thing we got to do is stop doing the thing. And then yeah, it's a tool that we can deal with it. So we're going to be more dependent on crop rotation, sanitation and competition. Sanitation is controlling in your periods between crops like this one, between weed and corn. You don't just let weeds grow there. You either put beneficial diversity there in terms of a cover crop or you keep the thing from going to seed. Best thing is to put a beneficial cover or forage crop there.
Dwayne Beck:
We don't kill our coyotes. We don't kill our rattlesnakes. And Ray knows that, don't you Ray? We walked in a field a few years ago. Ray came with some Nebraskans and some Ukrainians and I went to walk into one of my fields and there was a rattlesnake there all coiled up. And I just stood with my back to him. I said, "Why don't you walk in over here?" And the Ukrainians go, "Why don't you want us to see? Well, you got something you don't want us to see back there?" I said, "There's a rattlesnake there." They go, "That's not a rattlesnake. He's not rattling." And Ray comes up with spade and kind wiggles him at it. And he starts to rattle and then they followed everybody else in the field.
Dwayne Beck:
Pay a lot of attention to how we manage our residues. You want it uniform. We use stripper heads actually, it really fixes that thing. But if you're going to be out here with a straight head in the wind, go on the other side of the field and let the straw blow away from the patch, little tricks like that. Residue managers. We now have those. We have fertilizer placement capability. So we put all of our fertilizer within two inches of the corn row. If you broadcast fertilizer, all you're doing is feeding the weeds and you're really taking a chance that the fertilizer's going to run off or volatilize or something bad's going to happen. I want to put it where my plant has preferential access.
Dwayne Beck:
And all I really need to do with herbicide programs is to keep the weeds suppressed until I get a full canopy. The best weed control is a full canopy and we try to keep the residue in place of last year's canopy until this year's canopy can form. Reducing no-till systems' favorite inclusion of alternative crops. Two season interval between growing a given crop or crop type is preferred, can't always do that. Some broadleaf crops require more, corn tolerates less being pushed a little harder. Chem fallow, just spraying even between corn and beans, just spraying the ground leaving it bear is not as effective at breaking weed disease and insect cycles is, as are doing in tillage, which is a stupid thing to do.
Dwayne Beck:
Green fallow are producing a properly chosen crop. So if you can grow another crop there or a cover crop there, that's best thing you can do. Rotation should be sequenced to make it easy, prevent volunteer grains from the previous crop to become a problem. I can't tell you how many fields I drive by in Eastern South Dakota, where there's volunteer corn and soybeans and you go, "This should be easy to kill unless the soybeans and corn are both round up ready and the guy is a really slow learner." But it happens all the time because he puts soybeans into ground-up, corn's pretty ground-up, I can't figure out why his volunteered corn isn't dead.
Dwayne Beck:
Producers with Livestock Enterprises, find it less difficult to introduce diversity in a rotation. If you got livestock, you can grow lots of different things that will make you money. Use with forage or flexible forage grain crop, and green fallow enhance ability to tailor your rotational intensity. How much water? Managing the water, too much or too little. Crops destined for direct human food use pose the highest risk and offer the highest potential return. If you're growing vegetables, this gets to be tougher, but we have lots of people growing no-till tomatoes and no-till pumpkins and stuff like that. The desire in increased diversity intensity needs to be balanced with profitability. You can be too diverse. If you're trying to manage 20 crops and sell them in whatever, that's a bit too diverse unless you have a marketing crew.
Brian O'Connor:
We'll come back to Dwayne Beck in a moment. Before we do so, I'd like to thank our sponsor, The Andersons for supporting today's podcast. A nutrient management program is essential to maximizing crop productivity and yields. Providing the right nutrients at the right time throughout the growing season is key. The Anderson's High Yield Programs make it easy to plant a season long approach for many row and specialty crops. Visit andersonsplantnutrient.com/highyield to download the High Yield Programs and get instant product recommendations for corn, soybeans, wheat, potatoes and more. Before we get back to the conversation, here's Frank Lessiter with a little known, no-till farmer fact.
Frank Lessiter:
We're talking with Dwayne Beck today and it reminds me of the very first National No-Tillage Conference we held in 1993 in Indianapolis, Indiana. And Dwayne was a speaker I had on that program more than three decades ago. And I still today remember one of the comments that he made to the attendees. He said, "You folks in the Eastern Corn Belt no-till to get rid of the water, but out in South Dakota where I live, we no-till to keep every drop of water that falls." And here three decades later, I still remember that quote. And it's still true today based on where you live and how you operate, there's a big difference in what rainfall means for you and what no-till can do to help you get rid of it or keep every drop that falls.
Brian O'Connor:
And now we'll get back to the conversation.
Dwayne Beck:
So oil moisture storage is affected by soil characteristics, surface residue amounts, inter crop periods, snow catch. You get this thing and say, "Well, if I grow a cover crop, will be too dry in the spring." So that's usually not the case if you know what you're doing, okay? Seed bed condition, that's a desired seeding time are controlled by your crop rotation. You take a wheat crop and seed corn and that can be tough if it's a cold wet spring, and if you haven't done a cover crop, if you've done a cover crop, you can turn that wheat crop into something that's really easy to seed. If you got the moisture to do that, that really makes it easy. But sequence is only one component of a rotation. I ask somebody what the rotation is, they say, "Well, I put this behind beans or I put this behind wheat," but you got to look at longer things.
Dwayne Beck:
You got to have proper intensity, not too much, not too little. If you push it too hard, you'll get dry too often. If you don't push it hard enough, you're wet too often. And what happened here when you first started no-till, you didn't change your rotation. You're wet too often. Okay? Adequate diversity, like I said, and then you're stable and profitable. Crop rotation, lets mother nature do her thing, allows time for natural enemies to destroy the pathogen on one crop when unrelated crops are growing. We use fungicide on wheat when we have to, that's the only fungicide we really use during flowering time of wheat if we get rain.
Dwayne Beck:
We haven't used insecticides on a broadcast basis of the farm for over 14 years, even though we do some corn on corn, okay? Sequence is only one component of rotation. Native vegetation is the best indicator of the range of intensities which are appropriate for location. Whenever I travel somewhere, the first thing I do is go look at the native vegetation. How well do you mimic in your crop rotation what that native vegetation is doing in terms of cycling nutrients and water and such? Most of the plant growth problems blamed on no-till are a result of inadequate diversity or improper intensity or improper fertilizer management. If you're not putting a band of nitrogen somewhere around a corn row or a no-till system, in my opinion, we've got data that shows that's at least 20 bushel the acre hit. Even if we put it on top or whatever we do.
Dwayne Beck:
Put your water you saved by no-till to work. More high water use crops, cover crops, double crops. Are the nutrients in your soil available for plant use and environmental services or have they been leached eroded or transported from the landscape? That's what you see in Europe. A lot of that goody is gone. That's why they have all these real fancy fertilizer spreaders. They need them, but it isn't much left. Ecosystems that leak nutrients become deserts. We have only been farming in the United States for 200 years and we've only been intensively farming for probably 60 or 80 at most, 40 or 50. Saline seeps indicate leakage, decreasing pH indicates leakage. If your pH is going down, you're leaking lime and calcium out the bottom. One unit train of soybeans contains a half a million pounds of phosphorus. Shipping your soybeans to China is leakage.
Dwayne Beck:
I had a time and ease trade delegation there one day and we were showing them winter wheat that was coming up out of a cover crop that was dead. And I was explaining to them that the dying cover crop was feeding nutrients to the wheat. And they said, "Oh, you don't need to use fertilizer?" And I said, "Well, I do need to use. I can catch nitrogen from the air and put it back in the ground but I can't do anything about phosphorus and potassium and some of those other things. And if I'm going to sell you my wheat, I have to buy fertilizer to replace what I sold you unless you're willing to load your pooh from Taipei into a container and ship it back to me." And I got this real stunned look, decided I probably wasn't going to get asked to go to the diplomatic court.
Dwayne Beck:
And then as a translator translated it fully, they all started smiling and making shoveling. In ancient China, if you went to someone's house for supper, the polite thing to do was to go to the bathroom before you left. Otherwise, you'd be taking nutrients with you. Now you may not have saline seeps because your salinity that moves is going into drain tiles. So you're shipping your fertilizer to the boys in New Orleans and they really don't want it, or into Lake Erie. Covering forage crop provide an opportunity to increase both intensity and diversities where production of a grain crop would not be possible, it would be unprofitable, it would be excessively risky. In human environments like a lot of you guys, tallgrass prairie, the goal should be to have something growing at all times. In areas with a limited growing season, like the guys in Canada, this will require a use of cover crops and forage crops, because you can't do two grain crops in a year. You can't probably do that here. It's too short a growing season, but you do one grain crop in and then fill in with cover crops.
Dwayne Beck:
One of the things we're looking at doing is doing a perennial cover crop growing alfalfa in association with continuous corn, for instance. So you have the cover crop there all the time and you just suppress it and let it come back. And you have that deep rooted thing of a perennial that you like. In subhuman semi narrowed areas like us, cover crops can be utilized to increase organic matter and biological activity. A good friend of mine in North Dakota called his cover crops, catch and release nutrients. I stole it. You catch and release fish. You catch and release your nutrients. What you're doing with the cover crop, this nitrogen that would go in your drain tile and go away, put it in that plant, release it next year during the growing season, putting it in the bank.
Dwayne Beck:
Here's a study that we did. Soil test nitrogen, 108 pounds the acre, we soil test at three feet for nitrogen. You'll go 220 bushel acre in corn. We had wheat going to a cover crop after wheat with lentils, chickling vetch and turn up where we put no nitrogen on, the next spring, 176 bushel corn where we put on 36 pounds of nitrogen and 236 and then it didn't make any difference. So we put on 72 or 108.
Dwayne Beck:
Now urea is cheap, but it's not free, just what grows some of our own. If you get stranded in the rain in the back forty, you're talking about wet conditions. If you get stranded in the rain and it's wet and it's sappy and you get stranded in the back forty, do you drive home across the tilled field or the pasture? That's just long term no-till with soil structure. Wet soil should not be an issue if no-till is properly done if you got the soil structure, neither is grazing cattle. Weeds and diseases are nature's way of adding diversity to a system them that lacks diversity. We counter these by adding diversity of our own. I want to see at least three crop types, long intervals of two to four years are needed to break some disease in weed cycles.
Brian O'Connor:
That was Dwayne Beck presenting to the National No-Tillage Conference in 2016. Before we wrap up today's episode, here's Frank Lessiter, one more time.
Frank Lessiter:
When you look at what has happened with no-till over the past five or six decades, there's been significant changes. And one of the changes that's really happened in the equipment area is the use of colders. If you go back to the surveys we did in the 1990s, there were at least 94% of the no-tillers in the '90s who were using colders. The latest survey we have on the no-till benchmark survey shows that's dropped to about 44% who are using colders. So the majority of folks who are no-tilling today have given up colders and most of them have not found any drop in yields. In fact, there's data from the common research farm in Western Illinois, that shows with and without no-till colders, there was less than a one bushel per acre difference in no-till corn yields.
Brian O'Connor:
That concludes this episode of the No-Till Farmer Influencers and Innovators podcast. Thanks to our sponsor, The Andersons, for helping to make this series possible. You can find more podcasts about no-till topics and strategies at no-tillfarmer.com/podcasts. That's no-tillfarmer.com/podcasts. If you have any feedback on today's episode, please feel free to email me at B-O-C-O-N-N-O-R@lessitermedia.com or call me at (262)777-2413. And don't forget, Frank would love to answer your questions about no-till and the people and innovations that have made an impact on today's practices. So please email your questions to us at listenermail@no-tillfarmer.com. If you haven't done so already, you can subscribe to this podcast to get an alert as soon as future episodes are released. Find us wherever you listen to podcasts. For Frank and our entire staff here at No-Till Farmer, I'm Brian O'Connor. Thanks for listening.
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