Paraquat is a restricted use herbicide that was first commercialized in the 1960s. It is found in herbicides such Gramoxone, Helmquat and Parazone. It is a non-selective, contact herbicide and desiccant that belongs in group 22 site of action (photosystem I electron diverter). Paraquat is one of the most widely applied herbicides in the U.S. and heavily used in corn, cotton and soybeans and some specialty crops like grapes, peanuts and pistachios for weed management and crop desiccation. Paraquat has a low oral LD₅₀ and the signal word “Danger” is used on product labels to signify this risk.

The 15-year EPA herbicide registration review for paraquat began in December 2011. In 2016, there were several new safety measures implemented in order to mitigate the of human illness and injury caused by accidental paraquat toxicity. These include:

• Label changes to emphasize toxicity
• Paraquat can only be applied and handled by certified applicators
• Required all handlers to have a paraquat-specific training
• Closed system packaging for non-bulk end use containers (< 120 gallons)

In August of 2021, the EPA released the final Interim Decision (ID) for paraquat. The EPA determined that these additional label parameters are necessary to mitigate the risk of human illness and injury. The parameters are as follows:

• Increased label clarity (already included on label for Gramoxone SL 3.0)
  • The maximum number of applications, maximum annual rates, maximum single-application rate minimum retreatment interval, Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) can be found in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

• Limited aerial applications
  • Permitted for all labeled crops and is restricted to 350 acres/24 hours/individual applicator, but there is no acreage limit when sprayed as cotton desiccate
• Required residential buffers
  • Rate dependent
    • 50-foot buffer when applying < 1.6 pints/acre
    • 75-foot buffer when applying > 1.6 pints/acre
  • Existing label restricts the use of paraquat in residential or public areas or if there is a high likelihood of drift onto sensitive areas
• Prohibited pressurized handgun and backpack sprayer applications
  • Manually pressurized hand wands are permitted
• Required enclosed cabs or respirators for ground boom applications
  • If applying, >80 acres/24 hours an enclosed cab is required
  • If applying, < 80 acres/24 hours an enclosed cab is preferred, but a N95 respirator is the minimum requirement
• Increased the Restricted Entry Interval (REI) for several labeled crops
  • The REI is 48 hours for all labeled crops, except when paraquat us used as a harvest aid in cotton, when the REI is 7 days
• Transport requirements
  • Truck drivers who are not certified applicators must have no contact with or access to paraquat, but they may transport previously opened containers of paraquat if specific requirements are met
    • Containers must be securely closed to prevent accidental release of paraquat
    • All openings on portable containers must have a tamper-evident device applied by a certified applicator, a one-way valve, or both for portable/refillable containers
  • If containers are not permanently attached to the motor vehicle they must be secured to prevent shifting and motion between packages
  • Truck drivers who are not certified applicators must not transfer or have any access to paraquat or any formulation containing paraquat 
  • Full and emptied portable containers must be transferred to a certified applicator, a secured and locked storage facility that is controlled by a certified applicator, or a licensed disposal facility
  • Certified applicators are required to ensure that truck drivers understand the risks associated with paraquat and the consequences of misuse

Table 1. The maximum number of applications, annual rates and single-rate application, the minimum retreatment interval, and Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) for paraquat use in alfalfa, fallow and wheat (Sourced from the Gramoxone SL 3.0 label).

Table 2. The maximum number of applications, annual rates and single-rate application, the minimum retreatment interval, and Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) for paraquat use in corn, soybeans and sorghum (Sourced from the Gramoxone SL 3.0 label).

Table 3. The maximum number of applications, annual rates and single-rate application, the minimum retreatment interval, and Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) for paraquat use in cotton and sunflower (Sourced from the Gramoxone SL 3.0 label).

Although the ID is finalized, the paraquat herbicide registration is not complete and will not be completed unto the environmental risk assessment completed. The final ID can be found at https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0855-0307.

Links to the aforementioned paraquat products can be found below:

Gramoxone SL 3.0 label – https://www.syngenta-us.com/herbicides/gramoxone-sl-3.0

Parazone 3 SL – https://www.amvac.com/products/parazone-3-sl

Helmquat label – https://us.helmcrop.com/crop-protection/herbicides/helmquat-3sl